E141 - BioCON: Biodiversity, CO2, and Nitrogen
Introduction
CO2, Nitrogen, and Biodiversity Many ecosystems around the world are experiencing simultaneous increases in atmospheric CO2 levels and N deposition, and decreases in biodiversity. The potential importance of these aspects of global environmental change, coupled with a lack of understanding of their interactions (Vitousek 1994), led us to develop the long-term BioCON experiment, which addresses the direct and interactive effects on grassland ecosystems of elevated CO2, added N, and varying plant diversity, including shifts in both richness and composition (e.g., Reich et al. 2001ac, 2004, 2006ab). The BioCON project addresses basic scientific questions about coupled biogeochemical cycles, biodiversity, and other issues while also providing information relevant to society about the implications of these global change variables.
BioCON focuses on 4 key questions: (1) Do CO2 and N interact at physiological, whole plant, multitrophic, community and/or biogeochemical scales, on short- and long-term time horizons? (2) Do plant species and/or functional group diversity and composition influence responses to CO2 and N? (3) Are there linear or non-linear temporal changes in effects of treatments on individual, community, or ecosystem metrics? (4) What mechanisms (physiological, biotic interaction, biogeochemical, etc.) explain the patterns observed in addressing questions 1-3? In other words, how does the integration of plant, consumer, mutualist, and decomposer interactions at multiple temporal scales lead to the responses observed at tissue to ecosystem scales across various time scales?
The BioCON experiment (E141) directly manipulates plant species numbers (1, 4, 9, or 16 perennial grassland species randomly chosen from a pool of 16 species, planted as seed in 1997), soil N availability (ambient soil vs. ambient soil + 4 g N m-2 yr-1), and atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ambient vs. +180 ppm, beginning in 1998) in a well-replicated split-plot experiment. It includes 296 individual plots, each 2 m x 2 m, in six 20-m diameter rings, three exposed to ambient CO2 and three to elevated CO2 using freeair CO2 enrichment. Additional fully factorial experiments (many plots serve multiple experiments) include tests of species composition (in monoculture) x CO2 x N (n=128 plots, Reich et al. 2001c), functional group composition x CO2 x N (n=176, Reich et al. 2004), species richness x CO2 x N at a standard functional group richness (n=176), and functional group richness x CO2 x N controlling for species richness (n=123).
Global change-related shifts in temperature, precipitation, atmospheric CO2, and N deposition will each likely impact terrestrial ecosystem processes, however the effects of each global change element alone may be influenced by other global change factors, via antagonistic and synergistic impacts and by indirect effects on soil resources and soil biota that modulate subsequent ecosystem responses. Yet, considerable uncertainty exists regarding the direction, magnitude, and ubiquity of such interactions, posing a significant challenge for predicting ecosystem feedbacks to multiple global change drivers. In 2007, we began a 5-year sub-experiment examining interactions of CO2, N and water availability. The water manipulation (ambient and -45% rainfall, achieved via temporary, portable rainout shelters) was added to the ongoing CO2 x N treatments that began in 1998. The objective of a new BioCON research subexperiment is to incorporate experimental warming into the ongoing grassland manipulation of precipitation, CO2, and N to elucidate their interactive effects on long-term ecosystem response. The WWCON experiment is thus designed to determine the direct and interactive effects of warming, water, CO2 and N on the productivity, biogeochemical cycling, and dynamics of plant and soil communities in a perennial grassland ecosystem. WWCON uses 48 plots from BioCON, all originally planted with 9 species in 1998.
Key Results
BioCON is a highly productive experiment that led to 44 peer-reviewed papers during our current award. Its most novel element is the simultaneous, long-term manipulation of and examination of effects of multiple global change drivers on ecosystem processes ranging from plant physiology to plant and soil communities to ecosystem biogeochemistry. BioCON is to our knowledge one of only three studies in the world capable of providing long-term evidence on joint effects of CO2 and N on biodiversity and ecosystem function, and the only experiment involving either CO2 or N and biodiversity. Here we highlight its two most important findings of the past 6 years.
(1) CO2 and N interact non-additively in influencing plant biodiversity (Fig. 7; Reich 2009). Over 10 years, elevated N reduced species richness by 16% at ambient CO2 but by just 8% at elevated CO2.This resulted from multiple effects of CO2 and N on plant traits and soil resources that altered competitive interactions among species. Results of this study have important implications for natural ecosystems under global change, because they demonstrated that altered CO2 and N regimes had significant, interactive, persistent impacts on species diversity resulting from direct, but mostly indirect effects on plant and ecosystem processes. The sensitivity of plant diversity to factors that themselves were sensitive to CO2 and N suggests that predicting responses of biodiversity at local scales may be challenging, as responses to multiple global change drivers may not be generally predictable from the responses to each alone.
(2) Nitrogen limitation of plant growth, which is common worldwide, constrains biomass responses to CO2 over the long-term (Reich et al. 2006ab, Reich and Hobbie In Prep) (Fig. 5). In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that the largest uncertainty in the global C cycle – and hence a key to predicting future climate change – involves the size of the so-called CO2 fertilization effect. Although photosynthesis and plant productivity generally increase with rising CO2 levels in most plant communities, whether this response will decelerate or "saturate" is not known, and hence we lack the ability to predict the fraction of future global C emissions that terrestrial ecosystems acquire and store. The long-term constraint on the CO2 fertilization effect due to natural N limitation confirms a key criticism (Hungate et al. 2003) of earlier IPCC efforts.
Overall BioCON provides a platform for examining the myriad processes that contribute to interactions such as described above. For instance, the long-term interacting effect of CO2 and N on biomass and biodiversity occur despite a lack of CO2 x N interaction on photosynthesis (Lee et al. 2011) and likely result from complex effects of species identity and diversity, along with CO2 and N, on belowground communities and processes (e.g., Dijkstra et al. 2006a, 2007, West et al. 2006, He et al. 2010, 2012, Chung et al. 2007, 2009, Adair et al. 2009, 2011, Reich 2009, Antoninka et al. 2011, Schnitzer et al. 2011, Reid et al. 2012, Deng et al. 2012; Fig. 21). Collectively, these findings have important implications globally. For instance, because of N limitation and biodiversity losses, global estimates of potential C sequestration in the face of rising CO2 may be currently considerably over-estimated. If this is true, atmospheric CO2 concentrations (and associated global temperatures) may increase more quickly than anticipated. BioCON data have been important in broader analyses, syntheses, and meta-analyses of biodiversity, N, and CO2 effects (Reich et al. 2006b, Isbell et al. 2011, Schnitzer et al. 2011) and development of global databases (Kattge et al. 2011). In addition, a team of non-CDR researchers used results of CDR decomposition studies (data downloaded from our website) in analyzing the effects of plant biodiversity on decomposition rates (Srivastava et al. 2009).
(3) Results to date of the water manipulation include a near total elimination of the CO2 effect on productivity when both water and N are limited (Reich et al. Submitted) and complex pathways by which the resource treatments directly and indirectly drive trophic networks belowground (Eisenhauer et al. 2012). These include both direct effects of CO2 and N on the abundance and diversity of soil animals, as well as indirect effects mediated by changes in other abiotic and biotic components of the soil environment (Fig. 22).
Future Research
Because the responses to CO2, N, and diversity have been highly dynamic temporally (Reich et al. 2006a, Reich and Hobbie In Prep), this experiment will continue providing valuable insights into the interactive effects of multiple global change factors. As one of the longest running multiple global change factor open-air experiments in the world, the results will be among the best available for showing the long-term impacts of such drivers on population, community, and ecosystem responses. Thus, we propose continued annual measurement of many plant, soil, community, and ecosystem variables across all 370 plots each year.
In addition, we will expand analyses of soil communities and trophic interactions, including their response to global change, and impacts on ecosystem structure and function, building on early and ongoing work at BioCON (e.g. Chung et al. 2009, He et al. 2010, 2012, Deng et al. 2012, Eisenhauer et al. 2012, Weisenhorn submitted, Weisenhorn et al. In Prep). This will include use of molecular tools to characterize both bulk soils and the rhizosphere microbiome (e.g., functional gene arrays, 454 pyrosequencing, and 16s ribotyping) in collaboration with research groups led by J. Zhou (Oklahoma), J. Dangl (U. North Carolina), and C. Henry (Argonne National Laboratory). It will also include a comprehensive plan to improve the mechanistic understanding of soil multitrophic interactions in shaping the relationship between producer diversity and ecosystem functioning under varying CO2 and N conditions. This collaborative project will be led by N. Eisenhauer (Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany), and it comprises several complementary subprojects, including experimental tests of the significance of positive and negative soil feedback effects across biodiversity, CO2, and N combinations.
The new warming manipulation (3°C) will be added in 2012, resulting in a CO2 x N x water x temperature factorial experiment. The study is largely funded through a grant from the NSF Ecosystems program, but will be available as a platform for LTER-related investigations, e.g., by undergraduates, graduate students, and post-docs, just as the core BioCON experiment has been. It will test the overarching hypothesis that global change drivers interact, such that responses will not simply be additive. Unlike interactions of CO2, N, and water, for which multiple limitation theory provides a relatively simple conceptual framework, experimental warming will induce different responses during cool vs. warm, or wet vs. dry, times during the growing season, with myriad possible pathways for interactions. For all four of the treatments, interactions will be influenced by the effects of drivers on the availability of soil resources and on soil biota, and by weather in each specific growing season. Warming will be imposed on a subset of species-rich plots in BioCON, to achieve a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial manipulation of temperature (ambient and +3°C), growing season precipitation (ambient and -45% rainfall, achieved via temporary rainout shelters), CO2 (ambient and +180 ppm, achieved via FACE technology), and N (ambient and +4 g N m-2 y-1).
Simultaneous soil and vegetation warming will be achieved by synchronized deployment of infrared heat lamps that warm aboveground plant structures, and a network of low-profile, buried electric pins that concurrently warm the soil to 0.75 m deep. Integrated microprocessor-based feedback control will maintain a fixed temperature differential (+3°C) between warmed and ambient control plots. We have successfully deployed similar technology in an experiment in the southern boreal forest in northern Minnesota (Reich et al. submitted, http://forestecology.cfans.umn.edu/B4WARMED.html). The new study will determine the interactive effects of these four global change factors on a suite of responses including: plant physiology, NPP, phenology, symbiotic N fixation, soil N availability, soil CO2 flux, soil food webs, as well as the soil microenvironment. This project will provide one of the few empirical datasets describing the interactive effects of multiple important human-caused global change factors on terrestrial ecosystem processes, thereby enhancing mechanistic understanding of the ecological impacts of global change and informing models that aim to predict biotic feedbacks to such change.
Methods for e141
Datasets for e141: BioCON : Biodiversity, Elevated CO2, and N Enrichment
| Dataset ID | Title | Range of Years (# years with data) |
|---|---|---|
| ahme141 | 16S DNA from BioCON dry roots | 2013-2013 (1 year) |
| acye141 | 1996 Ring soil texture, pH and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) | 1996-1996 (1 year) |
| acie141 | Carbon respiration from soil incubation | 2007-2007 (1 year) |
| ahke141 | Fire Biomass Loss | 2016-2016 (1 year) |
| aele141 | June aboveground 15N isotope, total N and delta 15N | 2000-2012 (8 years) |
| aeje141 | Leaf 15N isotope, total N and delta 15N from 9 species water treatment plots | 2008-2011 (4 years) |
| aeke141 | Leaf delta 13C and total C from 9 species water treatment plots | 2008-2010 (3 years) |
| aeoe141 | Leaf net photosynthesis in CO2 x N x water treatment combinations | 2007-2010 (4 years) |
| aege141 | Light and heavy soil fraction total N and delta 15N | 2002-2002 (1 year) |
| afce141 | Litter biomass carbon nitrogen from water treatment plots | 2008-2010 (3 years) |
| aake141 | Lupinus Transgenerational Effects | 2006-2006 (1 year) |
| acfe141 | Lysimeter Water Treatment Plots | 2009-2010 (2 years) |
| lye141 | Lysimeter data | 2003-2005 (3 years) |
| aeie141 | Monoculture species green leaf total N and delta 15N | 2002-2002 (1 year) |
| nie141 | N15 isotope in plants | 1999-2000 (2 years) |
| mre141 | Nitrogen mineralization rate | 1998-2020 (22 years) |
| adue141 | Oak leaf water potential | 2012-2012 (1 year) |
| afde141 | Oak seedling survival | 2002-2004 (2 years) |
| afpe141 | Patch Level Phenophase Measurements | 2012-2016 (5 years) |
| lpe141 | Percent light penetration | 1998-2019 (19 years) |
| phoe141 | Photosynthesis (A max, etc.) | 1998-2018 (18 years) |
| acce141 | Photosynthesis Leaf Carbon and Nitrogen | 1998-2008 (11 years) |
| aewe141 | Photosynthesis of Bromus inermis and Andropogon gerardi under treatment combinations of CO2 x Warm in 9 species plots | 2013-2014 (2 years) |
| afke141 | Photosynthetic CO2 response curves at controlled light, CO2 and temperatures | 1998-1998 (1 year) |
| nbe141 | Plant aboveground biomass carbon and nitrogen | 1998-2018 (20 years) |
| ple141 | Plant aboveground biomass data | 1998-2020 (23 years) |
| pce141 | Plant species percent cover data | 1999-2019 (21 years) |
| aale141 | Poa Transgenerational Effects | 2006-2006 (1 year) |
| sachmie141 | Reproduction data for Achillea millefolium | 2002-2016 (2 years) |
| samocae141 | Reproduction data for Amorpha canescens | 2006-2016 (8 years) |
| sasctue141 | Reproduction data for Asclepias tuberosa | 2007-2016 (7 years) |
| slescae141 | Reproduction data for Lespedeza capitata | 2001-2012 (12 years) |
| sluppee141 | Reproduction data for Lupinus perennis | 2001-2016 (12 years) |
| spetvie141 | Reproduction data for Petalostemum villosum | 2006-2012 (7 years) |
| ssolrie141 | Reproduction data for Solidago rigida | 2001-2012 (9 years) |
| sgrasse141 | Reproduction data for grasses | 2002-2016 (10 years) |
| roote141 | Root biomass data | 1998-2020 (23 years) |
| nre141 | Root carbon/nitrogen data | 1998-2018 (20 years) |
| rie141 | Root ingrowth biomass | 1998-2019 (22 years) |
| aame141 | Schizachyrium Transgenerational Effects | 2006-2006 (1 year) |
| swe141 | Seed weight | 2001-2002 (2 years) |
| aese141 | Soil Organisms | 2010-2010 (1 year) |
| nhe141 | Soil ammonium | 1998-2002 (5 years) |
| bde141 | Soil bulk density | 2003-2004 (2 years) |
| scfe141 | Soil carbon flux | 1998-2019 (22 years) |
| afqe141 | Soil metagenome fungal responses to elevated CO2 | 2017-2017 (1 year) |
| hoe141 | Soil moisture | 1998-2019 (22 years) |
| nohe141 | Soil nitrate and ammonium | 1998-2002 (5 years) |
| sphe141 | Soil pH | 1999-2020 (22 years) |
| ne141 | Soil percent nitrogen and carbon | 2002-2016 (4 years) |
| slae141 | Specific Leaf Area | 2001-2001 (1 year) |
| ahte141 | TeRaCON Leaf Gas Exchange | 2018-2018 (1 year) |
| ahje141 | TeRaCON eight year mean of NPP, carbon pools, and soil flux | 2012-2012 (1 year) |
| ahie141 | TeRaCON eight years collected species composition, productivity (NPP), soil carbon emissions and plant carbon stocks | 2012-2017 (6 years) |
| ache141 | Total and non-hydrolyzable soil carbon and nitrogen | 2006-2006 (1 year) |
| acbe141 | Vac Sampling aphids | 2000-2002 (3 years) |
| acae141 | Vac Sampling arthropod community | 2001-2003 (3 years) |
Selected Recent Publications
Avolio, M. L., Komatsu, K. J., Collins, S. L., Grman, E., Koerner, S. E., Tredennick, A. T., Wilcox, K. R., Baer, S., Boughton, E. H., Britton, A. J., Foster, B., Gough, L., Hovenden, M., Isbell, F., Jentsch, A., Johnson, D. S., Knapp, A. K., Kreyling, J., Langley, J. A., Lortie, C., McCulley, R. L., McLaren, J. R., Reich, P. B., Seabloom, E. W., Smith, M. D., Suding, K. N., Suttle, K. B., & Tognetti, P. M. (2021) Determinants of community compositional change are equally affected by global change. Ecology Letters. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13824 2021 e001 e002 e141
Kang, S. (2021). Microbes` Many Roles in Climate Change: Contribution, Consequence, Mitigation and Model System. In C. J. Hurst (Ed.), Microbes: The Foundation Stone of the Biosphere (1 ed., pp. 187-194). Springer Nature Switzerland AG: Springer International Publishing. 2021 e141
Pastore, M. A., Hobbie, S. E., & Reich, P. B. (2021)Sensitivity of grassland carbon pools to plant diversity, elevated CO2, and soil nitrogen addition over 19 years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(17), e2016965118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2016965118
2021 e141
Peng, Y., Bloomfield, K. J., Cernusak, L. A., Domingues, T. F., & Colin Prentice, I. (2021) Global climate and nutrient controls of photosynthetic capacity. Communications Biology, 4(1), 462. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01985-7 2021 e011 e141
Terrer, C., Phillips, R. P., Hungate, B. A., Rosende, J., Pett - Ridge, J., Craig, M. E., van Groenigen, K. J., Keenan, T. F., Sulman, B. N., Stocker, B. D., Reich, P. B., Pellegrini, A. F. A., Pendall, E., Zhang, H., Evans, R. D., Carrillo, Y., Fisher, J. B., Van Sundert, K., Vicca, S., & Jackson, R. B. (2021) A trade-off between plant and soil carbon storage under elevated CO2. Nature, 591(7851), 599-603. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03306-8 2021 e141
Wang, C., Sun, Y., Chen, H. Y. H., Yang, J., & Ruan, H. (2021) Meta-analysis shows non-uniform responses of above- and belowground productivity to drought. Science of The Total Environment, 782, 146901. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146901 2021 e141
Wang, S., Loreau, M., de Mazancourt, C., Isbell, F., Beierkuhnlein, C., Connolly, J., Deutschman, D. H., Dolezal, J., Eisenhauer, N., Hector, A., Jentsch, A., Kreyling, J., Lanta, V., Leps, J., Polley, H. W., Reich, P. B., van Ruijven, J., Schmid, B., Tilman, D., Wilsey, B., & Craven, D. (2021) Biotic homogenization destabilizes ecosystem functioning by decreasing spatial asynchrony. Ecology, 102(6), e03332. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3332 2021 e120 e141
Wright, A. J., Barry, K. E., Lortie, C. J., & Callaway, R. M. (2021) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Have our experiments and indices been underestimating the role of facilitation? Journal of Ecology, 109(5), 1962-1968. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13665 2021 e141
Avolio, M. L., Wilcox, K. R., Komatsu, K. J., Lemoine, N., Bowman, W. D., Collins, S. L., Knapp, A. K., Koerner, S. E., Smith, M. D., Baer, S. G., Gross, K. L., Isbell, F., McLaren, J., Reich, P. B., Suding, K. N., Suttle, K. B., Tilman, D., Xu, Z., and Yu, Q. (2020) Temporal variability in production is not consistently affected by global change drivers across herbaceous-dominated ecosystems. Oecologia, 194(4), 735-744. doi:10.1007/s00442-020-04787-6 2020 e001 e001 e141
Barry, K. E., van Ruijven, J., Mommer, L., Bai, Y., Beierkuhnlein, C., Buchmann, N., de Kroon, H., Ebeling, A., Eisenhauer, N., Guimaraes-Steinicke, C., Hildebrandt, A., Isbell, F., Milcu, A., Nesshover, C., Reich, P. B., Roscher, C., Sauheitl, L., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Schmid, B., Tilman, D., von Felten, S., and Weigelt, A. (2020) Limited evidence for spatial resource partitioning across temperate grassland biodiversity experiments. Ecology, 101(1), e02905. doi:10.1002/ecy.2905 2020 e120 e141
Bennett, A. E., and Classen, A. T. (2020) Climate change influences mycorrhizal fungal - plant interactions, but conclusions are limited by geographical study bias. Ecology, 101(4), e02978. doi:10.1002/ecy.2978 2020 e141
Chen, X., Chen, H. Y. H., Searle, E. B., Chen, C., & Reich, P. B. (2020) Negative to positive shifts in diversity effects on soil nitrogen over time. Nature Sustainability. doi:10.1038/s41893-020-00641-y 2020 e120 e123 e141
Gao, Q., Wang, G., Xue, K., Yang, Y., Xie, J., Yu, H., Bai, S., Liu, F., He, Z., Ning, D., Hobbie, S. E., Reich, P. B., & Zhou, J. (2020) Stimulation of soil respiration by elevated CO2 is enhanced under nitrogen limitation in a decade-long grassland study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 202002780. doi:10.1073/pnas.2002780117 2020 e141
Genung, M. A., Fox, J., & Winfree, R. (2020) Species loss drives ecosystem function in experiments, but in nature the importance of species loss depends on dominance. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 29(9), 1531-1541. doi:10.1111/geb.13137 2020 e120 e141
Han, Y., Feng, J., Han, M., & Zhu, B. (2020) Responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to nitrogen addition: A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 26(12), 7229-7241. doi:10.1111/gcb.15369 2020 e001 e002 e052 e120 e141
He, Z., Deng, Y., Xu, M., Li, J., Liang, J., Xiong, J., Yu, H., Wu, B., Wu, L., Xue, K., Shi, S., Carrillo, Y., Van Nostrand, J. D., Hobbie, S. E., Reich, P. B., Schadt, C. W., Kent, A. D., Pendall, E., Wallenstein, M., Luo, Y., Yan, Q., & Zhou, J. (2020) Microbial functional genes commonly respond to elevated carbon dioxide. Environment International, 144, 106068. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106068
2020 e141
Kimmel, K. (2020). Impacts of Drivers of Global Change on Community Structure and Ecosystem Functioning. (Ph.D.), University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota Conservancy. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11299/213082 2020 e141 e248
Kimmel, K., Furey, G. N., Hobbie, S. E., Isbell, F., Tilman, D., & Reich, P. B. (2020) Diversity-dependent soil acidification under nitrogen enrichment constrains biomass productivity. Global Change Biology, 26(11), 6594-6603. doi:10.1111/gcb.15329 2020 e141
Pastore, M. A. (2020). Impacts of global changes on leaf-level physiology of plant functional groups and ecosystem carbon storage. (PhD), University of Minnesota.
2020 e141
Pastore, M. A., Lee, T. D., Hobbie, S. E., & Reich, P. B. (2020) Interactive effects of elevated CO2, warming, reduced rainfall, and nitrogen on leaf gas exchange in five perennial grassland species. Plant, Cell & Environment, 43(8), 1862-1878. doi:10.1111/pce.13783 2020 e141
Prather, R. M., Castillioni, K., Kaspari, M., Souza, L., Prather, C. M., Reihart, R. W., & Welti, E. A. R. (2020) Micronutrients enhance macronutrient effects in a meta-analysis of grassland arthropod abundance. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 29(12), 2273-2288. doi:10.1111/geb.13196 2020 e001 e004 e141 e247
Qiu, J., & Cardinale, B. J. (2020) Scaling up biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships across space and over time. Ecology, 101(11), e03166. doi:10.1002/ecy.3166
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Reich, P. B., Hobbie, S. E., Lee, T. D., Rich, R., Pastore, M. A., & Worm, K. (2020) Synergistic effects of four climate change drivers on terrestrial carbon cycling. Nature Geoscience, 13(12), 787-793. doi:10.1038/s41561-020-00657-1 2020 e141
Song, J., Ru, J., Zheng, M., Wang, H., Fan, Y., Yue, X., Yu, K., Zhou, Z., Shao, P., Han, H., Lei, L., Zhang, Q., Li, X., Su, F., Zhang, K., & Wan, S. (2020) A global database of plant production and carbon exchange from global change manipulative experiments. Scientific Data, 7(1), 323. doi:10.1038/s41597-020-00661-5 2020 e001 e002 e014 e026 e097 e141 e247
Walker, A. P., De Kauwe, M. G., Bastos, A., Belmecheri, S., Georgiou, K., Keeling, R., McMahon, S. M., Medlyn, B. E., Moore, D. J. P., Norby, R. J., Zaehle, S., Anderson-Teixeira, K. J., Battipaglia, G., Brienen, R. J. W., Cabugao, K. G., Cailleret, M., Campbell, E., Canadell, J., Ciais, P., Craig, M. E., Ellsworth, D., Farquhar, G., Fatichi, S., Fisher, J. B., Frank, D., Graven, H., Gu, L., Haverd, V., Heilman, K., Heimann, M., Hungate, B. A., Iversen, C. M., Joos, F., Jiang, M., Keenan, T. F., Knauer, J., Korner, C., Leshyk, V. O., Leuzinger, S., Liu, Y., MacBean, N., Malhi, Y., McVicar, T., Penuelas, J., Pongratz, J., Powell, A. S., Riutta, T., Sabot, M. E. B., Schleucher, J., Sitch, S., Smith, W. K., Sulman, B., Taylor, B., Terrer, C., Torn, M. S., Treseder, K., Trugman, A. T., Trumbore, S. E., van Mantgem, P. J., Voelker, S. L., Whelan, M. E., & Zuidema, P. A. (2020) Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO2. New Phytologist, 29(5), 2413-2445. doi:10.1111/nph.16866
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Wang, C., Tang, Y., Li, X., Zhang, W., Zhao, C., & Li, C. (2020) Negative impacts of plant diversity loss on carbon sequestration exacerbate over time in grasslands. Environmental Research Letters, 15(10). 2020 e120 e131 e132 e141 e249
Wieder, W. R., Pierson, D., Earl, S., Lajtha, K., Baer, S., Ballantyne, F., Berhe, A. A., Billings, S., Brigham, L. M., Chacon, S. S., Fraterrigo, J., Frey, S. D., Georgiou, K., de Graaff, M.A., Grandy, A. S., Hartman, M. D., Hobbie, S. E., Johnson, C., Kaye, J., Kyker-Snowman, E., Litvak, M. E., Mack, M. C., Malhotra, A., Moore, J. A. M., Nadelhoffer, K., Rasmussen, C., Silver, W. L., Sulman, B. N., Walker, X., & Weintraub, S. (2020) SoDaH: the SOils DAta Harmonization database, an open-source synthesis of soil data from research networks, version 1.0. Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 2020, 1-19. doi:10.5194/essd-2020-195 2020 e133 e141
van der Plas, F., Schroder-Georgi, T., Weigelt, A., Barry, K., Meyer, S., Alzate, A., Barnard, R. L., Buchmann, N., de Kroon, H., Ebeling, A., Eisenhauer, N., Engels, C., Fischer, M., Gleixner, G., Hildebrandt, A., Koller-France, E., Leimer, S., Milcu, A., Mommer, L., Niklaus, P. A., Oelmann, Y., Roscher, C., Scherber, C., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Scheu, S., Schmid, B., Schulze, E.D., Temperton, V., Tscharntke, T., Voigt, W., Weisser, W., Wilcke, W., & Wirth, C. (2020) Plant traits alone are poor predictors of ecosystem properties and long-term ecosystem functioning. Nature Ecology & Evolution. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-01316-9 2020 e145 e141 e271
Chen, C., H. Y. H. Chen, X. Chen, and Z. Huang. 2019. Meta-analysis shows positive effects of plant diversity on microbial biomass and respiration. Nature Communications 10:1332. DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-09258-y 2019 e120 e141 e249
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Tu Q, Yuan M, He Z, Deng Y, Xue K, Wu L, Hobbie SE, Reich PB, Zhou J. 2015. Fungal communities respond to long-term CO2 elevation by communityreassembly. Appl Environ Microbiol 81:2445-2454. doi:10.1128/AEM.04040-14. 2015 [Full Text] e141
Venail, P., Gross, K., Oakley, T. H., Narwani, A., Allan, E., Flombaum, P., Isbell, F., Joshi, J., Reich, P. B., Tilman, D., van Ruijven, J., Cardinale, B. J. (2015), Species richness, but not phylogenetic diversity, influences community biomass production and temporal stability in a re-examination of 16 grassland biodiversity studies. Functional Ecology, 29: 615?626. doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.12432 2015 [Full Text] e120 e141
Verheijen, Lieneke M.; Aerts, Rien; Brovkin, Victor; Cavender-Bares, Jeannine; Cornelissen, Johannes H.C.; Kattge, Jens; van Bodegom, Peter M. Inclusion of ecologically based trait variation in plant functional types reduces the projected land carbon sink in an earth system model. Global Change Biol., 2015; 2015, 21, 8, 3074-3086 2015 [Full Text] e111 e141
Wright, A., Schnitzer, S. A., Reich, P. B., Daily environmental conditions determine the competition?facilitation balance for plant water status. Journal of Ecology, 103: 648?656. doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12397 2015 [Full Text] e141
Cheng L., Zhang L., Wang Y.-P., Yu Q., and Eamus D. (2014), Quantifying the effects of elevated CO2 on water budgets by combining FACE data with an ecohydrological model, Ecohydrol., 7; pages 1574?1588, doi: 10.1002/eco.1478 2014 [Full Text] e141
Cornwell, William K.; Westoby, Mark; Falster, Daniel S.; FitzJohn, Richard G.; O'Meara, Brian C.; Pennell, Matthew W.; McGlinn, Daniel J.; Eastman, Jonathan M.; Moles, Angela T.; Reich, Peter B.; Tank, David C.; Wright, Ian J.; Aarssen, Lonnie; Beaulieu, Jeremy M.; Kooyman, Robert M.; Leishman, Michelle R.; Miller, Eliot T.; Niinemets, ?lo; Oleksyn, Jacek; Ordonez, Alejandro; Royer, Dana L.; Smith, Stephen A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Warman, Laura; Wilf, Peter; Zanne, Amy E.; Austin, Amy; Functional distinctiveness of major plant lineages; Journal of Ecology, 2014, 102, 2, 345-356 2014 [Full Text] e111 e141
Flinker, Raquel Henriques. Modeling of soil moisture dynamics of grasslands in response to CO2 and biodiversity manipulations at BioCON. M.S. Thesis The University of Texas at Austin. 2014. 2014 [Full Text] e141
Flores, Olivier; Garnier, Eric; Wright, Ian J.; Reich, Peter B.; Pierce, Simon; D?az, Sandra; Pakeman, Robin J.; Rusch, Graciela M.; Bernard-Verdier, Maud; Testi, Baptiste; Bakker, Jan P.; Bekker, Ren?e M.; Cerabolini, Bruno E.L.; Ceriani, Roberta M.; Cornu, Guillaume; Cruz, Pablo; Delcamp, Matthieu; Dolezal, Jiri; Eriksson, Ove; Fayolle, Adeline; Freitas, Helena; Golodets, Carly; Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie; Hodgson, John G.; Brusa, Guido; Kleyer, Michael; Kunzmann, Dieter; Lavorel, Sandra; Papanastasis, Vasilios P.; P?rez-Harguindeguy, Natalia; Vendramini, Fernanda; Weiher, Evan; An evolutionary perspective on leaf economics: phylogenetics of leaf mass per area in vascular plants; Ecology and Evolution, 2014, 4, 14, 2799 - 2811 2014 [Full Text] e141
Gross, Kevin; Cardinale, Bradley J.; Fox, Jeremy W.; Gonzalez, Andrew; Loreau, Michel; Polley, H. Wayne; Reich, Peter B.; Ruijven, Jasper van; Species Richness and the Temporal Stability of Biomass Production: A New Analysis of Recent Biodiversity Experiments.; Am.Nat., 2014, 183, 1, 1-12, The University of Chicago Press for The American Society of Naturalists 2014 [Full Text] e120; e141
Lau, Jennifer A.; Shaw, Ruth G.; Reich, Peter B.; Tiffin, Peter; Indirect effects drive evolutionary responses to global change; New Phytologist, 201: 335?343. doi: 10.1111/nph.12490 2014 [Full Text] e199 e141
Reich, Peter B.; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Lee, Tali D.; Plant growth enhancement by elevated CO2 eliminated by joint water and nitrogen limitation; Nature Geoscience, 2014; 2014, 7, 12, 920-924 2014 [Full Text] e141
Tu, Qichao. Metagenomic insights into microbial community responses to long-term elevated CO2. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Oklahoma. 2014 [Full Text] e141
Weisenhorn, Pamela; 2014 Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on bacterial resource use. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minnesota. Permanent URL http://hdl.handle.net/11299/172143 2014 e141
Wright, Alexandra; Schnitzer, Stefan A.; Reich, Peter B.; Living close to your neighbors: the importance of both competition and facilitation in plant communities; Ecology, 2014, 95, 8, 2213 - 2223 2014 [Full Text] e141
Ali, Ashehad A.; Medlyn, Belinda E.; Crous, Kristine Y.; Reich, Peter B.; A trait-based ecosystem model suggests that long-term responsiveness to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration is greater in slow-growing than fast-growing plants. Functional Ecology 2013, 27, 1011?1022; doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.12102 2013 [Full Text] e141
Cardinale, Bradley J.; Gross, Kevin; Fritschie, Keith; Flombaum, Pedro; Fox, Jeremy W.; Rixen, Christian; van Ruijven, Jasper; Reich, Peter B.; Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael; Wilsey, Brian J.; Biodiversity simultaneously enhances the production and stability of community biomass, but the effects are independent. Ecology 94:1697?1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/12-1334.1 2013 [Full Text] e120 e141
Eisenhauer, N., Dobies, T.; Cesarz, S.; Hobbie, S. E.; Meyer, R. J.; Worm, K.; Reich. P. B.; 2013; Plant diversity effects on soil food webs are stronger than those of elevated CO2 and N deposition in a long-term grassland experiment.; PNAS 110:6889-6894 2013 [Full Text] e141
He, Z., Van Nostrand, J. D., & Zhou, J. (2013). GeoChip-Based Metagenomic Technologies for Analyzing Microbial Community Functional Structure and Activities. In K. E. Nelson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Metagenomics (pp. 1-13). New York, NY: Springer New York. 2013 [Full Text] e141
Isbell, F.; Tilman, D.; Polasky, S.; Binder, S.; Hawthorne, P.; Low biodiversity state persists two decades after cessation of nutrient enrichment; Ecology Letters (2013) 16: 454?460 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12066 2013 [Full Text] e001 e002 e120 e141
Isbell, Forest; Reich, Peter B.; Tilman, David; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Polasky, Stephen; Binder, Seth. Nutrient enrichment, biodiversity loss, and consequent declines in ecosystem productivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2013 110 (29):11911-11916. 2013 [Full Text] e001 e002. e120 e141
Mueller, K. E.; Hobbie, S. E.; Tilman, D. and Reich, P. B. (2013); Effects of plant diversity, N fertilization, and elevated carbon dioxide on grassland soil N cycling in a long-term experiment.; Global Change Biology, 19: 1249?1261. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12096 2013 [Full Text] e141
Reich, Peter B.; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Decade-long soil nitrogen constraint on the CO2 fertilization of plant biomass.; Nature Climate Change 2013 3:278-282 doi:10.1038/nclimate1694 2013 [Full Text] e141
Reid, Joseph Pignatello; Non-equilibrium dynamics of ecosystem processes in a changing world; 2013 ; Ph.D. dissertation; University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy Permanent URL http://hdl.handle.net/11299/159915 2013 [Full Text] e141
Templer, Pamela H. "Biogeochemistry: Limits on carbon uptake by plants." Nature Climate Change 3.3 (2013): 184-185. 2013 [Full Text] e141
Wright, A. J. (2013). The shifting importance of competition and facilitation along diversity, environmental severity, and plant ontogenetic gradients. Thesis, PhD University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee 2013 [Full Text] e141
Wright, A.; Schnitzer, S.; Dickie, I. A.; Gunderson, A. R.; Pinter, G. A.; Mangan, S. A.; Reich, P. B.; Complex facilitation and competition in a temperate grassland: loss of plant diversity and elevated CO2 have divergent and opposite effects on oak establishment. 2013. Oecologia 171:449-458. DOI 10.1007/s00442-012-2420-y 2013 [Full Text] e141
Xu, Meiying; He, Zhili; Deng, Ye; Wu, Liyou; van Nostrand, Joy D.; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Reich, Peter B.; Zhou, Jizhong; Elevated CO2 influences microbial carbon and nitrogen cycling; BMC Microbiology; Volume 13:124; doi:10.1186/1471-2180-13-124 2013 [Full Text] e141
Brzostek, Edward R.; Blair, John M.; Dukes, Jeffrey S.; Frey, Serita D.; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Melillo, Jerry M.; Mitchell, Robert J.; Pendall, Elise; Reich, Peter B.; Shaver, Gaius R.; Stefanski, Artur; Tjoelker, Mark G.; Finzi, Adrien C.; The effect of experimental warming and precipitation change on proteolytic enzyme activity: positive feedbacks to nitrogen availability are not universal; Global Change Biol.; 2012; 18, 8, 2617-2625 2012 [Full Text] e141
Clark,C. M., Flynn, D. F. B., Butterfield, B. J.; Reich, P. B.; (2012); Testing the Link between Functional Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning in a Minnesota Grassland Experiment.; PLoS ONE 7(12): e52821.; doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052821 2012 [Full Text] e141
Deng, Y.; He, Z.; Xu, M.; Qin, Y.; Van Nostrand, J. D.; Wu, L.; Roe, B. A.; Wiley, G.; Hobbie, S. E.; Reich, P. B.; Zhou, J.; Elevated carbon dioxide alters the structure of soil microbial communities.; Appl Environ Microbiol. 78(8):2991-2995. 2012 [Full Text] e141
Eisenhauer, Nico; Cesarz, Simone; Koller, Robert; Worm, Kally; Reich, Peter B.; Global change belowground: impacts of elevated CO2, nitrogen, and summer drought on soil food webs and biodiversity. Global Change Biology. 18:435?447, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02555.x 2012 e141
Reid, J. P.; Adair, E. C.; Hobbie, S. E.; Reich, P. B.; Biodiversity, nitrogen deposition and CO2 affect grassland soil carbon cycling but not storage. 2012. Ecosystems 15(4):580-590. 2012 [Full Text] e141
Tilman, D.; Reich, P. B.; Isbell, F.; Biodiversity impacts ecosystem productivity as much as resources, disturbance, or herbivory; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; 2012; 109, 26, 10394-10397 2012 [Full Text] e001 e002 e003 e004 e012 e062 e098 e120 e141 e172