E002 - Long-Term Nitrogen Addition to Disturbed Vegetation

 

Introduction

Established at the same time in 1982, Experiment 002 is a nitrogen addition experiment whose initial design was almost identical to Experiment 001. Like Experiment 001, and often in connection with it, Experiment 002 has been used to examine the effects of low-level nitrogen addition on nitrogen-limited grassland ecosystems. Unlike Experiment 001, however, the native vegetation in Experiment 002 was disturbed via thorough agricultural disking prior to the start of treatments. Also, the Experiment 002 plots were established in only three locations, all of which were successional grassland fields (54 plots each). In each field, nine treatments are imposed on sets of replicate plots (54 plots per field). Two of the treatments are controls, neither of which receives ammonium nitrate fertilization, but one of which receives other nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg and trace metals). The seven remaining treatments add ammonium nitrate at varying rates as well as the other nutrients. Plots have been sampled for above ground biomass (sorted by species) annually through 2004, and once subsequently in 2008. Plots are sampled intermittently for soil chemistry (NH4, NO3, Ca, Mg, P and K), belowground biomass, light penetration, and small mammal densities.In 1986, aluminum flashing was buried between the individual plots to prevent plants from spreading by vegetative reproduction. Initially, the plot grids were enclosed by fencing to exclude large mammalian herbivores, however in 2004 this 

was removed. Gophers are trapped and removed. In 1992, two modifications were made to the Experiment 002 treatment regime. In two of the three fields, cessation treatments were initiated with all nutrient addition being discont

inued for half of the replicates. In the third field, fertilization treatments are ongoing, but half of the replicates are burned annually.

 

Key Results

Although nutrient enrichment frequently decreases biodiversity, it remains unclear whether such biodiversity losses are readily reversible, or are critical transitions between alternative low- and high-diversity stable states that could be difficult to reverse. Our 30-year grassland experiment shows that plant diversity decreased well below control levels after 10 years of chronic high rates (95–270 kg N ha-1 year-1) of nitrogen addition, and did not recover to control levels 20 years after nitrogen addition ceased. Thus, the regime shifts between alternative stable states that have been reported for some nutrient-enriched aquatic ecosystems may also occur in grasslands. Isbell et al. 2013 Ecology Letters

 

Using data from the first 25 years of the N addition experiment, Clark and Tilman (2008) found that chronic low-level N addition (10 kg ha-1 yr-1) reduced plant species numbers by 17% relative to controls receiving ambient N deposition (Fig. 3). Moreover, species numbers were reduced more per unit of added N at lower addition rates, suggesting that chronic, low-level N deposition may have a greater impact on diversity than previously thought. Clark et al. (2009) found that net N mineralization rates remained elevated in plots that had ceased receiving N 12 years earlier. Although these grassland ecosystems had not retained a high portion of the deposited N, the effects of this N retention were surprisingly long-lasting. 

 

Because soils are the largest active terrestrial sink of C, the potential effects of elevated N deposition on soil C stores is of great interest. Earlier CDR work suggested that N deposition did not impact soil C stores (Wedin and Tilman 1996). However, we have recently found that 27-years of chronic N addition to prairie grasslands strongly increased the C sequestration in mineral soils (Fornara and Tilman 2012 Ecology). A key mechanism was an N-induced increase in root mass accumulation with a shift to C3 grasses, which despite their lower N-retention ability still acted as important soil C sinks. 

 

We found that although chronic nutrient enrichment initially increased productivity, it also led to loss of plant species, including initially dominant species, which then caused substantial diminishing returns of productivity from nitrogen fertilization. Our results support the hypothesis that the long-term impacts of global changes on ecosystem functioning can strongly depend on how such drivers gradually decrease biodiversity and restructure communities. Isbell et al. 2013 PNAS

 

We found that the stability of ecosystem productivity was only changed by anthropogenic drivers that altered biodiversity, with a given rate of plant species loss leading to a quantitatively similar decrease in ecosystem stability regardless of which driver caused the biodiversity loss. These results suggest that changes in biodiversity caused by anthropogenic drivers may be a major factor determining how global changes affect ecosystem stability. Hautier et al. 2015 Science

 

Within a decade after establishment and after undergoing rapid successional changes, plots that shared the same treatment in Experiment 001 and Experiment 002 had converged in composition, plant abundances (Fig 1; Inouye and Tilman 1995). While Experiment 002 plots were initially dominated by annual species, often not of native origin, these were quickly replaced by native perennials.

 

Figure 1 Graphs of Percent Similarity (PS) vs. time for convergence within fields. Each set of eight graphs presents data comparing disturbed and undisturbed grids in one field, separated by nitrogen treatment (fertilization rates increase alphabetically). Small circular points represent individual comparisons of two plots of the same treatment, one plot on the undisturbed grid and one plot on the disturbed grid. Each graph contains36 such points for each year (six disturbed plots x six undisturbed plots). Stars indicate average PS for each year. For regression analyses, transormation were done on average PS (arcsine square-root) and (year - 1981).  Thirteen years after nitrogen cessation treatments began, a period comparable to the 10 years of elevated nitrogen addition, relative plant species numbers returned to control levels (Fig 2, Clark and Tilman,2008). Plant species abundances, however, were not seen to recover.

Figure. 2 Recovery of relative species number after cessation of nitrogen addition. Relative species number of all plots that continued to receive nitrogen (+N) and of those plots for which nitrogen addition ceased from 1991 and on (-N) is shown as the average across all nitrogen addition levels each year. There were no significant interactions between the rate of nitrogen addition and either year or the cessation treatment. (Clark and Tilman 2008)

Figure 3. Proportional species loss versus nitrogen input rate for (a) 2002-2004 and (b) 1983-1985. Plot averages for each field over the three year-period fitted to a logarithmic curve excluding controls (95% confidence curves included). P values correspond to the significance of the nitrogen input term (N input = experimental N addition + atmospheric N deposition) in a model of the proportional loss of species regressed on the natural logarithm of the nitrogen input rate, Field, and their interaction. Dashed lines correspond to linear interpolation between the mean effect at the highest nitrogen addition rate and controls. (Clark and Tilman 2008)

 

Methods for e002

 

Datasets for e002: Long-Term Nitrogen Deposition During Grassland Succession

Dataset ID	Title	Range of Years (# years with data)
nle002	Litter carbon and nitrogen	2009-2009 (1 year)
lpe002	Percent light penetration	1982-1990 (9 years)
ple002	Plant aboveground biomass data	1982-2019 (29 years)
rcne002	Root Carbon and Nitrogen	2009-2009 (1 year)
rbe002	Root biomass data	1988-2013 (6 years)
mse002	Small mammal abundance	1982-1985 (4 years)
cae002	Soil Calcium	1982-1982 (1 year)
care002	Soil carbon	1982-2011 (5 years)
mge002	Soil magnesium	1982-1982 (1 year)
nohe002	Soil nitrate and ammonium	1985-2013 (7 years)
ne002	Soil nitrogen	1982-2011 (6 years)
phe002	Soil pH	1982-1990 (5 years)
pe002	Soil phosphorous	1982-1982 (1 year)
ke002	Soil potassium	1982-1982 (1 year)

Selected Recent Publications

Cusser, S., Helms Iv, J., Bahlai, C. A., & Haddad, N. M. (2021) How long do population level field experiments need to be? Utilising data from the 40-year-old LTER network. Ecology Letters. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13710 2021 e001 e002

Han, Y., Feng, J., Han, M., & Zhu, B. (2020) Responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to nitrogen addition: A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 26(12), 7229-7241. doi:10.1111/gcb.15369 2020 e001 e002 e052 e120 e141

Jochum, M., Fischer, M., Isbell, F., Roscher, C., van der Plas, F., Boch, S., Boenisch, G., Buchmann, N., Catford, J. A., Cavender-Bares, J., Ebeling, A., Eisenhauer, N., Gleixner, G., Holzel, N., Kattge, J., Klaus, V. H., Kleinebecker, T., Lange, M., Le Provost, G., Meyer, S. T., Molina-Venegas, R., Mommer, L., Oelmann, Y., Penone, C., Prati, D., Reich, P. B., Rindisbacher, A., Schafer, D., Scheu, S., Schmid, B., Tilman, D., Tscharntke, T., Vogel, A., Wagg, C., Weigelt, A., Weisser, W. W., Wilcke, W., & Manning, P. (2020) The results of biodiversity???ecosystem functioning experiments are realistic. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4(11), 1485-1494. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1280-9 2020 e001 e002 e014 e093 e120

Portales Reyes, M. C. (2020). Recovery of grassland plant communities after cessation of nutrient enrichment. (PhD), University of Minnesota, ProQuest. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11299/216846 2020 e002 e004

Seabloom, E. W., Borer, E. T., & Tilman, D. (2020) Grassland ecosystem recovery after soil disturbance depends on nutrient supply rate. Ecology Letters, 23(12), 1756-1765. doi:10.1111/ele.13591 2020 e001 e002

Song, J., Ru, J., Zheng, M., Wang, H., Fan, Y., Yue, X., Yu, K., Zhou, Z., Shao, P., Han, H., Lei, L., Zhang, Q., Li, X., Su, F., Zhang, K., & Wan, S. (2020) A global database of plant production and carbon exchange from global change manipulative experiments. Scientific Data, 7(1), 323. doi:10.1038/s41597-020-00661-5 2020 e001 e002 e014 e026 e097 e141 e247

Valencia, E., de Bello, F., Leps, J., Galland, T., E-Vojtko, A., Conti, L., Danihelka, J., Dengler, J., Eldridge, D. J., Estiarte, M., Garcia-Gonzalez, R., Garnier, E., Gomez, D., Harrison, S., Herben, T., Ibanez, R., Jentsch, A., Juergens, N., Kertesz, M., Klumpp, K., Louault, F., Marrs, R. H., Onodi, G., Pakeman, R. J., Partel, M., Peco, B., Penuelas, J., Rueda, M., Schmidt, W., Schmiedel, U., Schuetz, M., Skalova, H., Smilauer, P., Smilauerova, M., Smit, C., Song, M. H., Stock, M., Val, J., Vandvik, V., Wesche, K., Woodcock, B. A., Young, T. P., Yu, F.-H., Zobel, M., & Gotzenberger, L. (2020) Directional trends in species composition over time can lead to a widespread overemphasis of year-to-year asynchrony. Journal of Vegetation Science, 31(5), 792-802. doi:10.1111/jvs.12916 2020 001 e002 e054 e133 e247

Song, J., Wan, S., Piao, S., Knapp, A. K., Classen, A. T., Vicca, S., Ciais, P., Hovenden, M. J., Leuzinger, S., Beier, C., Kardol, P., Xia, J., Liu, Q., Ru, J., Zhou, Z., Luo, Y., Guo, D., Adam Langley, J., Zscheischler, J., Dukes, J. S., Tang, J., Chen, J., Hofmockel, K. S., Kueppers, L. M., Rustad, L., Liu, L., Smith, M. D., Templer, P. H., Quinn Thomas, R., Norby, R. J., Phillips, R. P., Niu, S., Fatichi, S., Wang, Y., Shao, P., Han, H., Wang, D., Lei, L., Wang, J., Li, X., Zhang, Q., Li, X., Su, F., Liu, B., Yang, F., Ma, G., Li, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Yang, Z., Zhang, K., Miao, Y., Hu, M., Yan, C., Zhang, A., Zhong, M., Hui, Y., Li, Y., & Zheng, M. (2019) A meta-analysis of 1,119 manipulative experiments on terrestrial carbon-cycling responses to global change. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 3(9), 1309-1320. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0958-3 2019 e001 e002 e014 e026 e097 e141 e247

Yue, K., Y. Peng, D. A. Fornara, K. Van Meerbeek, L. Vesterdal, W. Yang, C. Peng, B. Tan, W. Zhou, Z. Xu, X. Ni, L. Zhang, F. Wu, and J.-C. Svenning. 2019. Responses of nitrogen concentrations and pools to multiple environmental change drivers: A meta-analysis across terrestrial ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography. DOI 10.1111/geb.12884 2019 e002 e141

Ratajczak, Z., D`Odorico, P., Collins, S. L., Bestelmeyer, B. T., Isbell, F. I., and Nippert, J. B. (2017). The interactive effects of press/pulse intensity and duration on regime shifts at multiple scales. Ecological Monographs, accepted article. doi:10.1002/ecm.1249 2017 e001 e002 e097

Wilcox, K. R., A. T. Tredennick, S. E. Koerner, E. Grman, L. M. Hallett, M. L. Avolio, K. J. La Pierre, G. R. Houseman, F. Isbell, D. S. Johnson, J. M. Alatalo, A. H. Baldwin, E. W. Bork, E. H. Boughton, W. D. Bowman, A. J. Britton, J. F. Cahill, S. L. Collins, G. Du, A. Eskelinen, L. Gough, A. Jentsch, C. Kern, K. Klanderud, A. K. Knapp, J. Kreyling, Y. Luo, J. R. McLaren, P. Megonigal, V. Onipchenko, J. Prevey, J. N. Price, C. H. Robinson, O. E. Sala, M. D. Smith, N. A. Soudzilovskaia, L. Souza, D. Tilman, S. R. White, Z. Xu, L. Yahdjian, Q. Yu, P. Zhang and Y. Zhang (2017). "Asynchrony among local communities stabilises ecosystem function of metacommunities." Ecology Letters 20(12): 1534-1545. DOI 10.1111/ele.12861 2017 e001 e002

Hautier, Y.; Tilman, D.; Isbell, F.; Seabloom, E. W.; Borer, E. T.; Reich, P. B.; Anthropogenic environmental changes affect ecosystem stability via biodiversity. Science, 2015, 348, 6232, 336-340 DOI:10.1126/science.aaa1788 2015 [Full Text] e001 e002 e003 e012 e098 e120 e141 e245 e247 e248

Isbell, F.; Tilman, D.; Polasky, S.; Binder, S.; Hawthorne, P.; Low biodiversity state persists two decades after cessation of nutrient enrichment; Ecology Letters (2013) 16: 454?460 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12066 2013 [Full Text] e001 e002 e120 e141

Isbell, Forest; Reich, Peter B.; Tilman, David; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Polasky, Stephen; Binder, Seth. Nutrient enrichment, biodiversity loss, and consequent declines in ecosystem productivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2013 110 (29):11911-11916. 2013 [Full Text] e001 e002. e120 e141

Fornara, Dario A.; Tilman, David; Soil carbon sequestration in prairie grasslands increased by chronic nitrogen addition; Ecology, 2012, 93, 9, 2030 - 2036 2012 [Full Text] e001 e002

Tilman, D.; Reich, P. B.; Isbell, F.; Biodiversity impacts ecosystem productivity as much as resources, disturbance, or herbivory; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; 2012; 109, 26, 10394-10397 2012 [Full Text] e001 e002 e003 e004 e012 e062 e098 e120 e141 e172