Cedar Creek Natural History Area: Literature | Up Home |
Citation. Davis, M.; Reich, P.B.; Knoll, J.; Dooley, L.; Hundtoft, M.; Attleson, I. 2007. Elevated atmospheric C02: a nurse plant substitute for oak seedlingsestablishing in old fields. Global Change Biology 13:2308-2316.
Abstract. It has been hypothesized that elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) may facilitate
the encroachment of woody plants into grasslands by reducing water stress. In eastcentral
Minnesota, sandy soils frequently create drought conditions for plants, and water
limitation inhibits the establishment of oaks into old fields situated on these soils. Some
have argued that eCO2 should slow secondary succession by favoring fast-growing early
successional species. However, if oak encroachment into old fields is being inhibited by
water stress, then eCO2 could accelerate old-field succession in this region. The purpose
of this study was to test the hypothesis that eCO2 will increase the establishment success
of oak seedlings in an old field environment. The study was conducted with CO2 levels
controlled by free air CO2 enrichment (FACE). In May 1999, four oak (Quercus
ellipsoidalis) acorns were planted in each of 24 plots in each of six experimental FACE
rings (n = 576), three of which received elevated levels (550 ppm) of CO2. Half the plots
in each ring were weeded during the first three summers of the experiment. In summer
2000, water input was manipulated during a 3.5-week period, during which half the plots
received regular watering while the other half received no water. Summer 2001 was dry,
receiving 35% less rainfall than the mean level. Under hot and dry conditions, eCO2
increased soil water levels in unweeded plots and enhanced oak establishment (survival
and growth) in weeded plots. In 2006, after the eighth growing season following planting,
survival was five times greater under elevated than ambient CO2. The results showed
that under hot and dry conditions, eCO2 can act like a nurse plant for tree seedlings
growing in bare and unshaded areas, increasing seedling survival and growth, and
thereby expanding the establishment window for trees encroaching into a grassland
environment.